Surabaya is defined by its unique , which is often described by experts at the ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute as more egalitarian, open, and democratic than the traditional court-centered culture of Central Java.
: This "Arek" spirit fosters high public participation in social and political domains. Surabaya is defined by its unique , which
: The city's identity is built on a diverse mix of Javanese (84%), Madurese, Sundanese, and other ethnic groups. Surabaya is defined by its unique
: There is a persistent perception that the bureaucracy often serves itself rather than the community, a tension that fuels social movements and protests. ABG (Youth Culture) and Emerging Social Issues Surabaya is defined by its unique , which