Concentrated tandem system (TS) and uniformly distributed loads (UDL) representing heavy truck traffic. Load Model 2 (LM2): A single axle load ( characteristic) representing local effects on short spans.

The pressure from water flowing inside the culvert, which can counteract external soil pressure.

Actions on structures, specifically Part 2 for traffic loads on bridges.

Designing a box culvert requires a multi-disciplinary approach using several Eurocode parts:

Lateral pressure on the side walls, typically calculated using the at-rest ( K0cap K sub 0 ) or active ( Kacap K sub a ) earth pressure coefficients from EN 1997. Variable Actions ( Qkcap Q sub k Traffic Loads (EN 1991-2):

Design of concrete structures, covering strength and serviceability limits.

Traffic or construction loads acting on the soil surface next to the culvert. 3. Structural Analysis Methodology

Basis of structural design, defining load combinations and partial factors.

The design must account for both permanent and variable actions that affect the top slab, side walls, and base. Permanent Actions ( Gkcap G sub k