Unlike many medieval works that sought to "refute" other faiths, al-Shahrastani aimed to describe them as they were understood by their own adherents.
(The Book of Sects and Creeds) is a foundational text in the history of religions and Islamic theology. Written by the Persian scholar Muhammad al-Shahrastani (d. 1153 CE) around 1127–1128, it is often cited as the first systematic and non-polemical study of global religions.
He organized beliefs based on their theological foundations rather than just geographical locations, a method that predates modern comparative religion by centuries. al-milal wa al-nihal english pdf
While the original Arabic text is widely available, English versions are often published as specific sections or academic papers:
For those seeking an , the work is typically found in specialized translations or academic segments, as few complete one-volume English translations exist in the public domain. Where to Find the English Translation Unlike many medieval works that sought to "refute"
This part examines groups without a formal scripture, such as Greek philosophers, Indian religions (including Buddhism and Brahminism), and pre-Islamic Arab traditions. Why This Text Matters
This section covers groups with a revealed scripture or "People of the Book," including Muslims, Jews, and Christians. 1153 CE) around 1127–1128, it is often cited
Muslim Sects and Divisions , edited by A.K. Kazi and J.G. Flynn , provides a reliable translation of the section specifically dealing with Islamic sects. Overview of the Book